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Helps store glucose and fatty acids; enhances nutrient absorption into cells, crucial for recovery.

Promotes the release of glucose from liver glycogen stores to increase blood glucose.

Signals satiety to the brain and can increase energy expenditure.

Increases heart rate and stroke volume, mobilizes energy stores, and enhances muscle contraction.

Promotes muscle protein synthesis and growth, increases muscle size and strength.

Stimulates appetite and growth hormone release; also plays a role in energy balance.

Constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure, breaks down fat, and increases alertness.

Stimulates muscle growth and repair, bone formation, and fat utilization.

Increases protein breakdown, provides fuel by gluconeogenesis and lipolysis during prolonged exercise.

Regulates basal metabolic rate, important for overall energy balance and weight management.

Increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation; protective against inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Plays a role in muscle repair and bone density maintenance; may affect fat distribution.

Mediates the effects of growth hormone, stimulating cell growth and development.

Supports musculoskeletal regeneration and may help to stabilize joints.

Regulates sodium and water balance, which affects blood volume and pressure.

Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, raising blood volume and pressure.

Stimulates red blood cell production, increasing oxygen transport and aerobic capacity.

Involved in the regulation of the immune system response to exercise and muscle damage.

Inhibits muscle differentiation and growth, thus limiting muscle size and adaptations.