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Basic Muscle Anatomy

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Trapezius

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Location: Upper back and neck. Function: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; extends the neck.

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Supraspinatus

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Location: Upper back, over the scapula. Function: Abducts the arm at the shoulder.

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Supinator

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Location: Forearm. Function: Supinates the forearm.

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Flexor Carpi Radialis

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Location: Forearm. Function: Flexes the wrist and abducts the hand.

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Triceps Brachii

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Location: Back of the upper arm. Function: Extends the elbow.

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Biceps Brachii

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Location: Front of the upper arm. Function: Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

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External Oblique

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Location: Side of the abdomen. Function: Flexes and rotates the vertebral column; compresses the abdominal wall.

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Gastrocnemius

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Location: Calf. Function: Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.

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Sternocleidomastoid

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Location: Neck. Function: Flexes and laterally rotates the cervical spine; when acting together, flex the neck and extend the head.

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Brachioradialis

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Location: Forearm. Function: Flexes the elbow; assists in pronating and supinating the forearm when these motions are resisted.

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Pronator Teres

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Location: Forearm. Function: Pronates the forearm; assists in flexing the elbow.

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Latissimus Dorsi

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Location: Lower back. Function: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward.

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Infraspinatus

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Location: Upper back, below the supraspinatus. Function: Laterally rotates the arm and stabilizes the shoulder joint.

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Iliopsoas

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Location: Inner abdomen, extending to the hip. Function: Flexes and externally rotates the hip.

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Extensor Digitorum

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Location: Forearm. Function: Extends the fingers and the wrist.

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Deltoid

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Location: Shoulder. Function: Abducts, flexes, and extends the arm at the shoulder.

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Hamstrings

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Location: Back of the thigh. Function: Flex the knee and extend the hip.

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Quadriceps Femoris

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Location: Front of the thigh. Function: Extends the knee; one part also flexes the hip.

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Pectoralis Major

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Location: Chest. Function: Adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder.

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Serratus Anterior

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Location: Side of the chest beneath the armpit. Function: Pulls the scapula forward and around the rib cage.

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Gracilis

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Location: Inner thigh. Function: Adducts the thigh; flexes and medially rotates the leg.

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Flexor Digitorum Profundus

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Location: Forearm. Function: Flexes the fingers.

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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

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Location: Forearm. Function: Extends the wrist and adducts the hand.

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Rectus Abdominis

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Location: Front of the abdomen. Function: Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal cavity.

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Soleus

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Location: Calf, underneath the gastrocnemius. Function: Plantarflexes the foot.

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Rhomboids

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Location: Upper back between the spine and the scapula. Function: Retracts, elevates, and rotates the scapula.

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Gluteus Maximus

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Location: Buttocks. Function: Extends and laterally rotates the hip; maintains posture.

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Tibialis Anterior

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Location: Front of the shin. Function: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

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Erector Spinae

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Location: Running vertically along the spine. Function: Extend and laterally flex the spine.

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Teres Major

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Location: Upper side of the back, under the scapula. Function: Internally rotates and adducts the arm.

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Adductor Group

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Location: Inner thigh. Function: Adducts and medially rotates the thigh.

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