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Mitochondrial Density is the number of mitochondria per muscle cell. In training, increasing mitochondrial density boosts the muscles' ability to utilize oxygen efficiently, contributing to a higher VO2 max and better cardiovascular fitness.

The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs. It provides insights into metabolic processes during exercise and helps to estimate VO2 max.

Cardiac Output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. It's an essential component of VO2 max, since it determines the delivery of oxygen to the muscles during exercise.

Aerobic Capacity refers to the body’s ability to use oxygen effectively during exercise and is synonymous with VO2 max. Training can significantly increase aerobic capacity, enhancing endurance and cardiovascular health.

Oxygen Pulse is the amount of oxygen the body uses per heartbeat. Higher oxygen pulse indicates better cardiovascular efficiency. In VO2 max training, increasing oxygen pulse means more oxygen can be delivered to muscles without increasing heart rate.

VO2 Max is the maximum rate at which an individual can uptake oxygen during intense exercise, which reflects their cardiovascular fitness. It's significant in training as it influences endurance performance and is used to tailor cardiovascular training programs.

Training Zone refers to the specific intensity of exercise, often indicated as a percentage of VO2 max or maximum heart rate. Tailoring workouts within certain zones can improve different aspects of cardiovascular fitness and enhance VO2 max.

EPOC refers to the increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity, intended to erase the 'oxygen debt' incurred. It is significant because EPOC contributes to improved metabolic rate and caloric burn post-exercise.

Stroke Volume is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat. It's significant because improvements in stroke volume can lead to a higher VO2 max by enabling more efficient blood delivery to the muscles.