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In ancient civilizations, addiction was often seen as a moral failing or a sign of weakness. The significance lies in how this perspective influenced early treatment approaches, which focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation.

Developed in the 20th century, this model recognizes addiction as a chronic illness that changes brain structure and function. It's significant because it shifted the focus from moral judgment to medical treatment.

A social movement that peaked in the 19th-20th centuries, advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption due to its addictive properties. Its significance lies in laying the groundwork for alcohol laws and modern understanding of substance control.

Proposed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, it explores addiction as a manifestation of unconscious desires and traumas. It highlights the importance of addressing underlying psychological issues in addiction treatment.

Initiated in the 1970s, this policy aimed to reduce drug abuse by increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders. It's significant as it emphasizes criminal justice over public health and has been criticized for its effectiveness and impact on minorities.