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Neurotransmitters Involved in Addiction
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Serotonin
Serotonin contributes to drug addiction by regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. It is involved in the mechanism of many addictive substances, and disturbances in serotonin levels and receptors can influence addictive behavior.
Endorphins
Endorphins are endogenous opioids that provide natural pain relief and a sense of well-being. Addictive substances can hijack the endorphin system to produce euphoric effects, leading to increased tolerance and dependence.
GABA
GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms the nervous system. Drugs that enhance GABA activity, such as benzodiazepines, can lead to physical dependence and addiction.
Dopamine
Dopamine plays a key role in the reward system, its release gives a sense of pleasure and reinforces behaviors, leading to addiction when seeking out the dopamine 'high'.
Glutamate
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in neural plasticity, learning, and memory. Drug addiction can alter glutamate pathways and signaling, affecting tolerance and craving.
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