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Detoxification of ammonia to urea. Steps include carbamoyl phosphate formation, citrulline and arginine synthesis, and urea formation by arginase activity.

Produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. Steps include glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenation and ribulose-5-phosphate isomerization.

Protein synthesis from mRNA template in ribosomes. Steps include tRNA charging, initiation at the AUG start codon, elongation and peptide bond formation, and termination at a stop codon.

Synthesis of a new DNA strand from an existing template strand. Steps involve helix unwinding by helicase, primer synthesis by primase, elongation by DNA polymerase, and joining fragments by ligase.

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. Steps include initiation at the promoter, elongation of the RNA transcript, and termination.

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate with ATP and NADH production. Steps include glucose phosphorylation, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate cleavage, and pyruvate formation.

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Involved steps are pyruvate carboxylation, phosphoenolpyruvate formation, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase step, and glucose-6-phosphatase step.

Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, forming water, and the generation of a proton gradient used to produce ATP. Steps include electron transfer through complexes, creation of a proton gradient, and ATP synthesis.

Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA units, which enter the Krebs cycle, and produce NADH and FADH2. Steps include acyl-CoA formation, enoyl-CoA hydration, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenation, and acetyl-CoA thiolysis.

Photosynthetic process of carbon fixation in plants; involves the conversion of CO2 into glucose. Steps include CO2 fixation by ribulose bisphosphate, reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate.

Synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from acetyl-CoA. Steps include acetyl-CoA carboxylation to malonyl-CoA, fatty acid chain elongation, and esterification to glycerol backbone.