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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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Functio laesa
Functio laesa represents the loss of function in the inflamed area. This can occur due to pain limiting mobility or because tissue damage and swelling interfere with the normal function of the tissue.
Dolor
Dolor is the pain that often accompanies inflammation. It is caused by the release of chemicals (e.g., prostaglandins) that stimulate nerve endings, as well as by the pressure exerted by the edema (swelling) on nearby nerves.
Rubor
Rubor refers to the redness associated with inflammation. This is caused by the dilation of small blood vessels within the damaged tissue, allowing more blood to reach the affected area.
Calor
Calor signifies the heat or warmth that can often be felt on the skin overlying an area of inflammation. The warmth results from increased blood flow due to vasodilation and the increased metabolic activity in the tissue.
Tumor
Tumor is the swelling noted in inflamed tissues, largely resulting from the accumulation of fluid and immune cells that have exited the bloodstream to combat an injurious stimulus.
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