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A DNA sequence that provides a binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

A DNA sequence that can increase the efficiency of transcription initiation by interacting with specific transcription factors.

A DNA sequence that can suppress the level of gene expression, often through the recruitment of repressor proteins.

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to control the rate of transcription of genetic information.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template.

A functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

A protein that binds to an operator or silencer sequence to prevent or reduce gene transcription.

A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription, often through interaction with transcription factors and enhancers.

Heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation and histone modification.

The addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, which can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence.

Post-translational alterations of histone proteins that can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.

A class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, which interfere with the expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequences.

Small non-coding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

A regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small metabolite, resulting in changes in the mRNA's activity.