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Gene Expression Regulation

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Activator protein

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A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription, often through interaction with transcription factors and enhancers.

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Epigenetic modifications

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Heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation and histone modification.

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Silencer

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A DNA sequence that can suppress the level of gene expression, often through the recruitment of repressor proteins.

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Operon

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A functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

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Promoter

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A DNA sequence that provides a binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

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Repressor protein

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A protein that binds to an operator or silencer sequence to prevent or reduce gene transcription.

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RNA polymerase

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An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template.

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Transcription factors

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Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to control the rate of transcription of genetic information.

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Enhancer

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A DNA sequence that can increase the efficiency of transcription initiation by interacting with specific transcription factors.

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MicroRNA (miRNA)

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Small non-coding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

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Histone modification

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Post-translational alterations of histone proteins that can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.

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Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

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A class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, which interfere with the expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequences.

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Riboswitch

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A regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small metabolite, resulting in changes in the mRNA's activity.

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DNA methylation

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The addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, which can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence.

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Transcriptional attenuation

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A regulatory mechanism in which the level of transcription of a gene is controlled by premature termination of transcription.

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