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Photosynthesis Key Elements

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Stroma

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The stroma is the fluid-filled space where the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) take place.

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ATP Synthase

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ATP Synthase generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the light-dependent reactions.

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Water

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Water is split into oxygen, protons, and electrons during the light-dependent reactions.

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Chlorophyll

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Chlorophyll captures sunlight energy to split water molecules and start the photosynthesis process.

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Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco)

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Rubisco is the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.

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Light

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Light provides the energy that drives the electrons through the photosystems and the electron transport chain.

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Thylakoids

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Thylakoids contain pigments like chlorophyll and are the site of the light-dependent reactions.

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NADP+ and NADPH

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NADP+ accepts electrons during the light-dependent reactions to form NADPH, which carries electrons to the Calvin cycle.

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Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP)

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RuBP is a 5-carbon molecule that combines with CO2 to start the Calvin cycle.

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Carbon Dioxide

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CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle (carbon fixation).

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