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Base Excision Repair (BER) is primarily involved in repairing single-strand breaks by replacing a single nucleotide.

Homologous Recombination (HR) repair uses a sister chromatid to repair breaks without loss of genetic information.

Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) repairs breaks by directly ligating the broken ends together, which may result in loss of nucleotides at the break site.

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is used to remove bulky lesions like thymine dimers caused by UV radiation.

Mismatch Repair (MMR) corrects base-bair mismatches post DNA replication that have escaped proofreading.

BER also corrects oxidative DNA damage by replacing damaged bases often caused by reactive oxygen species.

Direct Repair mechanisms, like O^6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), remove alkyl groups from guanine bases without breaking the DNA strand.

NER also addresses intrastrand crosslinks, such as those induced by cisplatin, through excision of a DNA segment containing the crosslink.

Interstrand crosslink repair is a complex process, possibly involving NER, Translesion Synthesis (TLS), and HR to resolve the crosslink without causing a DSB.