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A passive process where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without energy input. Examples: Oxygen and carbon dioxide gases moving across cell membranes.

A passive transport mechanism using carrier or channel proteins to move substances across membranes, from high to low concentration. Examples: Glucose transport via GLUT proteins.

An active process where cells use energy, typically ATP, to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Examples: Sodium-potassium pump ($Na^+/K^+$ ATPase) moving $Na^+$ out and $K^+$ into the cell.

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Examples: Absorption of water in plant roots.

An active process by which cells engulf substances into a vesicle. Examples: Phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).

A process where cells expel materials from vesicles into the external environment. Examples: Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells.

Transport of molecules against their concentration gradient, coupled with the transport of ions down their electrochemical gradient. Examples: The Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein (SGLT).