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Proteins that create specific pathways for charged ions. Can be voltage-gated, ligand-gated, or mechanically gated. Examples: Potassium channels that help in setting the resting membrane potential.

Transport of molecules against their concentration gradient, coupled with the transport of ions down their electrochemical gradient. Examples: The Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein (SGLT).

An active process by which cells engulf substances into a vesicle. Examples: Phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).

A passive process where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without energy input. Examples: Oxygen and carbon dioxide gases moving across cell membranes.

A process where cells expel materials from vesicles into the external environment. Examples: Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells.

An active process where cells use energy, typically ATP, to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Examples: Sodium-potassium pump ($Na^+/K^+$ ATPase) moving $Na^+$ out and $K^+$ into the cell.

A passive transport mechanism using carrier or channel proteins to move substances across membranes, from high to low concentration. Examples: Glucose transport via GLUT proteins.