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Basic Sociological Terms

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Socialization

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The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.

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Role Conflict

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A situation in which a person is confronted with conflicting expectations from different roles that they are required to play.

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Social Construct

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A concept or perception of something based on the collective views developed and maintained within a society or social group; a social mechanism or practice that is constructed by society.

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Social Stratification

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A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

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Values

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Deeply ingrained principles that guide people's actions and judgments.

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Institution

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A complex of positions, roles, norms and values lodged in particular types of social structures and organizing relatively stable patterns of human activity with respect to fundamental problems in producing life-sustaining resources, in reproducing individuals, and in sustaining viable societal structures within a given environment.

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Social Change

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The alteration of social structure, cultural patterns, and social behavior over time.

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Society

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A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

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Culture

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The beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.

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Status

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A distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with it a set of expected behaviors and roles for individuals to assume.

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Norms

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Informal understandings that govern the behaviors of members of a society.

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Functionalism

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A sociological perspective that interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society.

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Power

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The ability to influence or control the behavior of people.

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Social Control

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Mechanisms, strategies, and techniques employed by individuals and institutions to regulate behavior and ensure conformity and compliance to the norms of a society.

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Deviance

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Behavior that violates expected rules and norms in a society or group and may result in negative social sanctions.

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Role

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The behavior expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status.

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Social Fact

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Values, cultural norms, and social structures which transcend the individual and are capable of exercising a social constraint.

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.

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Social Mobility

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The movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.

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Role Strain

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Tension among the demands connected to a single role.

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