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Criminology and Sociology
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Differential Association
Deviance is learned through interactions with others; individuals become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable.
Conflict Theory
Crime emerges from the conflicts of social groups and interests, and law is used as a tool by those in power to control others.
Strain Theory
Individuals commit crime when there is an inconsistency between societal goals and the means available to achieve these goals.
Labeling Theory
People become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.
Routine Activities Theory
The opportunity for crime exists when there is a convergence in space and time of three elements: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the lack of capable guardians.
Anomie
A state of normlessness where society fails to effectively regulate the expectations or behaviors of its members, often leading to deviance.
Control Theory
People refrain from deviant behavior because diverse factors control their impulses to break social norms.
Social Disorganization Theory
Crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.
Social Bond Theory
The strength of an individual's bond to society inhibits them from engaging in crime.
Feminist Criminology
Crime and deviance are understood within the context of gender inequality and patriarchy.
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