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A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Key proponents include Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons.

A perspective that views social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality. Key proponents include Karl Marx and Max Weber.

A micro-level theory based on the premise that humans act based on symbolic meanings they find within any given situation. Key proponents include George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer.

Sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals in that society. Key proponents include Robert Merton.

Argues that individuals and groups create social reality through their actions and interactions, rather than something inherent in the nature of things. Key proponents include Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann.

Examines gender inequality in society and the structural mechanisms that promote this inequality. It focuses on women's social roles, experience, and interests. Key proponents include Simone de Beauvoir and bell hooks.

Views social behavior as the result of exchanges. People are thought to make decisions based on maximizing benefits and minimizing costs. Key proponents include George C. Homans and Peter M. Blau.

Assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of potential actions. Key proponents include Gary S. Becker.

A theory that criticizes the foundations of enlightenment thought, focuses on the fluid, fractured nature of contemporary society, and often denies the existence of any absolute truth. Key proponents include Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault.