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This refers to the use of health services and factors influencing this such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, cultural attitudes, and health beliefs. It is an important factor in health outcomes and policy development.

The phenomenon by which certain individuals or groups are faced with negative stereotypes, exclusion, and discrimination because of attributes that are perceived as undesirable. This significantly impacts the health and well-being of those stigmatized.

An interdisciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. It is used to understand the complex interactions that determine individual health and illness.

The process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions. It is a social phenomenon with significant implications on how we perceive health and illness.

A phase of development marked by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy. It also refers to the changes in the pattern of health and disease as societies develop.

A sociological concept that describes the social expectations of behavior when an individual is identified as ill, including exemption from normal social roles and the obligation to seek help and comply with medical advice.

These are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

The systematic differences in the health status of different population groups. These disparities have social, economic, and environmental determinants and can be found among groups divided by race, gender, income, or geography.