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Civil society is the 'third sector' of society, outside of government and business, including NGOs, community groups, and unions that play a role in the political process. For example, the Red Cross plays a role in influencing political decisions related to health policy.

The State refers to the set of political institutions that maintain a monopoly of force over a territory. For example, the government, legal system, and police forces comprise the state in modern societies.

Power in political sociology is the ability of an entity or individual to influence the behavior of others. For example, a government has power over its citizens by creating laws that they must follow.

Democracy is a form of government where power is vested in the hands of the people, who can exercise it directly or through elected representatives. Scandinavia is often cited as a region with strong democratic systems.

Citizenship is the status of being a member of a state, entitling one to rights and obligations. For example, voting in elections is a right, while paying taxes is an obligation.

Political capital refers to the resources available to individuals or groups to influence the political process. Examples include reputation, influence, charisma, and access to the media.

Social movements are organized efforts by a large group of people to promote or resist social change. The Civil Rights Movement is an example that sought to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States.

Hegemony is the leadership or dominance of one group over others, often seen culturally and ideologically rather than through force. For example, during the Cold War, the U.S. exerted hegemony over capitalist countries through cultural influence and political leadership.

Political socialization is the process by which individuals learn and develop their political values, attitudes, and behaviors. Family, schools, and media are key agents in this process. For example, children often inherit political preferences from their parents.