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Research Methods in Sociology

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Survey Research

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A quantitative method for collecting data from a predefined group by using standardized questionnaires or interviews. Used when sociologists want to collect data on phenomena that can't be directly observed.

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Ethnography

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A qualitative research method where researchers immerse themselves in a community or organization to observe behaviors and interactions directly. Used to understand the social dynamics and cultural norms of a specific group.

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Historical Research

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The study of past records and archives to uncover patterns, concepts, and ideas that inform our understanding of history. Utilized to examine how societal transformations occur over time.

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Content Analysis

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A research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communication. It's used to analyze words, phrases, and meaning in various media forms.

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Case Study

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An in-depth examination of a single instance or event: a person, group, or organization. Used to develop detailed, contextual, and holistic analysis of a subject.

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Comparative Research

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A methodology used to compare two or more societies, cultures, states, or institutions to understand similarities and differences. It's useful for identifying general patterns or unique aspects.

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Longitudinal Study

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Research that follows the same subjects over a prolonged period of time, allowing for the study of long-term effects or trends. Used to identify how variables change over time.

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Experiment

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A research method that tests causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable. Used in controlled settings to establish cause-and-effect.

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