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Building orientation refers to how a building is positioned relative to the sun. Maximizing southern exposure in the northern hemisphere can greatly increase passive solar heating, reducing energy demand for heating.

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, reducing the building's dependence on non-renewable energy sources and providing a sustainable power option.

High-quality insulation reduces the heat transfer between the inside and outside of a building, maintaining comfortable temperatures more efficiently and reducing energy usage for heating and cooling.

Thermal mass in a building absorbs heat from the sun during the day and releases it at night, helping to stabilize temperature fluctuations and reduce reliance on heating and cooling systems.

Strategic landscaping can provide shading, windbreaks, or promote ventilation, enhancing the building's energy efficiency and reducing the need for mechanical systems.

Smart building systems use sensors and automation to optimize energy consumption for lighting, heating, and cooling, adjusting to the needs of the occupants and environmental conditions.

Ground coupling involves using the earth's stable temperature to heat or cool buildings, reducing the energy needed for artificial climate control systems.

Water conservation measures in design include the use of low-flow fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems, reducing the energy used in water supply and treatment.

Using double or triple glazed windows can minimize heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, promoting energy efficiency and comfort within a building.

Designing for natural ventilation takes advantage of wind and temperature differences to move fresh air through a building, reducing the need for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Light-colored and reflective roofing materials can reduce heat absorption, lowering cooling demand and decreasing the urban heat island effect.

Incorporating Energy Star-rated appliances in the design reduces the building's overall energy consumption by ensuring the use of energy-efficient technologies.

The building envelope is the interface between the interior and exterior of a building, including walls, roof, and floor. A well-designed envelope minimizes energy loss and can help to maintain a stable indoor climate.

Proper shading, such as overhangs and shades, can block excessive summer sun, thereby reducing cooling requirements, while allowing winter sun to enter and provide natural heating.