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Hormonal Changes during Exercise

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Insulin

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Decreases during exercise to facilitate glucose uptake by muscle cells.

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Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

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Exercise can stimulate its release, aiding in muscle repair and growth.

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Cortisol

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Elevates with prolonged exercise to assist in protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

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Glucagon

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Increases during exercise to maintain blood glucose levels.

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Growth Hormone

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Surges during exercise to support tissue growth and fat metabolism.

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Testosterone

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May increase temporarily during resistance exercises, promoting muscle growth.

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Leptin

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Long-term exercise may decrease leptin levels, which is involved in regulating energy balance and fat storage.

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Serotonin

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Can increase with aerobic exercise, improving mood and overall sense of happiness.

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Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

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Levels rise during exercise to improve focus and energy mobilization.

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Ghrelin

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Acute exercise may decrease ghrelin levels temporarily, which stimulates appetite.

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Dopamine

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Levels often rise during exercise, affecting pleasure and reward centers in the brain.

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Natriuretic Peptides

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Released from the heart in response to increased blood pressure, influencing fluid balance and sodium excretion.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

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Increases during exercise to enhance energy availability and blood flow.

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Endorphins

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Levels rise during exercise, leading to pain relief and a sense of well-being.

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Estrogen

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Varies based on exercise intensity and can contribute to fat distribution.

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