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Obesity and Hormonal Influence

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Leptin

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Role in satiety signaling and energy balance maintenance

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Insulin

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Regulates glucose levels and fat storage

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Glucagon

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Helps regulate blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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Oxytocin

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While primarily known for social bonding, also implicated in inhibiting appetite

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Ghrelin

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Role in hunger stimulation and meal initiation

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Amylin

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Co-secreted with insulin, synergistically reduces postprandial glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety

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Peptide YY (PYY)

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A gut hormone that reduces appetite

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Estrogen

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Influences body fat distribution and appetite through complex interactions

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Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

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Regulate basal metabolic rate and affect body weight

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Cortisol

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Involved in the regulation of metabolism in the face of stress, can lead to increased abdominal fat

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Melanocortins

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Involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, including food intake

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Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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Induces satiation and slows gastric emptying

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Progesterone

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Works with estrogen to regulate changes that affect weight, such as in the menstrual cycle

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Adiponectin

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Enhances sensitivity to insulin and has anti-inflammatory effects

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Testosterone

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Affects fat distribution and muscle mass, with impacts on metabolic rate

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