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Reproductive Hormones in Men

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Cortisol

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Function: Impacts testosterone levels and can inhibit reproductive function during stress. Regulation: Released from the adrenal cortex, controlled by ACTH.

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Prolactin

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Function: May modulate testosterone levels and sexual satisfaction. Regulation: Controlled by the hypothalamus via dopamine and can be influenced by stress.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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Function: Similar to LH, it stimulates testosterone production. Regulation: Not normally present in males; can be exogenously administered.

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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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Function: More potent than testosterone, it affects prostate growth and male pattern baldness. Regulation: Formed from testosterone by 5-alpha reductase enzyme.

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Testosterone

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Function: Promotes spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics. Regulation: Controlled by LH and released by Leydig cells.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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Function: Stimulates testosterone production. Regulation: Regulated by GnRH and negative feedback from testosterone.

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Androstenedione

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Function: Precursor of testosterone and estrogen. Regulation: Produced in testicular Leydig cells and adrenal glands, regulated by LH and ACTH.

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Inhibin

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Function: Inhibits FSH production. Regulation: Produced by Sertoli cells and regulated by the rate of spermatogenesis.

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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Function: Stimulates spermatogenesis. Regulation: Controlled by GnRH and inhibited by inhibin from Sertoli cells.

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Estrogen

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Function: Modulates libido, bone density, and Sertoli cell function. Regulation: Synthesized from testosterone and regulated by aromatase activity.

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Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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Function: Regulates the release of LH and FSH. Regulation: Pulsatile secretion by the hypothalamus.

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Oxytocin

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Function: Facilitates sperm transport and may enhance sexual response. Regulation: Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and regulated by neural stimuli.

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