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Purpose: To screen for medullary thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. Possible Outcomes: Elevated levels may indicate medullary thyroid carcinoma or C-cell hyperplasia.

Purpose: To help in the postoperative monitoring of thyroid cancer. Possible Outcomes: Elevated thyroglobulin levels may indicate residual or recurrent cancer.

Purpose: To analyze gene mutations and rearrangements in thyroid nodule cells. Possible Outcomes: Can predict the likelihood of cancer in indeterminate biopsy results.

Purpose: To increase the accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy by using ultrasound guidance. Possible Outcomes: Higher diagnostic accuracy for cytological evaluation of nodules.

Purpose: To measure the metabolic activity of the thyroid nodule, typically using FDG. Possible Outcomes: High FDG uptake could suggest malignancy.

Purpose: To collect cells from a thyroid nodule for cytological examination. Possible Outcomes: Benign, malignant, suspicious, or non-diagnostic cytology results.

Purpose: To evaluate thyroid function and to determine the nature of thyroid nodules. Possible Outcomes: Hot (hyperfunctioning), cold (non-functioning), or warm nodule (normally functioning).

Purpose: To assess thyroid function by measuring levels of TSH, T3, and T4. Possible Outcomes: Normal thyroid function, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

Purpose: To obtain cross-sectional images of the neck for detailed visualization of thyroid gland and surrounding structures. Possible Outcomes: May reveal extrathyroidal extension of malignancy.

Purpose: To determine the size, composition, and the number of thyroid nodules. Possible Outcomes: Identification of suspicious nodules requiring biopsy, benign cysts, or solid nodules.

Purpose: To get highly detailed images of the thyroid and neck structures without ionizing radiation. Possible Outcomes: Better soft tissue contrast than CT, which can be useful in surgical planning for thyroid cancer.