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Cause: Chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, or malignancies. Diagnosis: Normocytic anemia initially, may become microcytic; high ferritin with low TIBC. Treatment: Addressing the underlying condition.

Cause: Exposure to lead inhibiting heme synthesis. Diagnosis: Blood lead level test, basophilic stippling on blood smear. Treatment: Chelation therapy with agents like EDTA, environmental interventions.

Cause: Defective heme synthesis, can be inherited or acquired. Diagnosis: Blood smear showing ring sideroblasts, elevated serum iron and ferritin. Treatment: Vitamin B6 (if deficient), addressing underlying cause, possibly chelation.

Cause: Iron deficiency due to poor diet, blood loss, or absorption issues. Diagnosis: Blood tests showing low hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum ferritin. Treatment: Iron supplementation and dietary changes.