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Diagnostic criteria: Presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Treatment approach: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., Imatinib), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory cases.

Diagnostic criteria: Increased eosinophil count, absence of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, evidence of clonality. Treatment approach: Imatinib for patients with FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene, corticosteroids, and hydroxyurea.

Diagnostic criteria: Elevated red blood cell mass, low serum erythropoietin level, JAK2 V617F mutation. Treatment approach: Phlebotomy, hydroxyurea, and JAK2 inhibitors.

Diagnostic criteria: Persistent platelet count >450 x 10^9/L, absence of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL gene mutations. Treatment approach: Low-dose aspirin, cytoreductive therapy with hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha for younger patients.

Diagnostic criteria: Bone marrow fibrosis, anemia, splenomegaly, presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutations. Treatment approach: JAK2 inhibitors, splenectomy, allogeneic stem cell transplantation for advanced disease.