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Pediatric Endocrinology 101

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Type 2 Diabetes

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Symptoms include acanthosis nigricans, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment options are lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin if necessary.

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Cushing's Syndrome

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Symptoms: Obesity, round face, and purple stretch marks. Treatment includes surgical removal of tumors, medication, or radiation therapy.

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Delayed Puberty

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Symptoms: A lack of secondary sexual characteristics by an age beyond the expected timeframe. Treatment: Hormone therapy if necessary and treatment of underlying conditions.

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Growth Hormone Deficiency

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Symptoms: Short stature, increased fat around the waist, and a younger-looking face. Treatment: Growth hormone injections.

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Turner Syndrome

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Symptoms: Short stature, webbed neck, and infertility. Treatment: Growth hormone therapy, estrogen replacement therapy.

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Precocious Puberty

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Symptoms: Early development of secondary sexual characteristics, rapid growth. Treatment: GnRH analogs to delay further development.

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Type 1 Diabetes

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Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss. Treatment includes insulin therapy and blood sugar monitoring.

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Hyperthyroidism

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Symptoms: Restlessness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Treatment: Antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.

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Hypothyroidism

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Symptoms: Fatigue, constipation, and dry skin. Treatment includes thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

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Klinefelter Syndrome

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Symptoms include tall stature, small testes, and gynecomastia. Treatment includes testosterone replacement and fertility counseling.

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Rickets

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Symptoms: Bone pain, dental problems, and muscle weakness. Treatment: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation.

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Congenital Hypothyroidism

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Symptoms: Poor feeding, lethargy, and prolonged jaundice. Treatment: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

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Addison's Disease

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Symptoms: Hyperpigmentation, weakness, and weight loss. Treatment: Corticosteroid replacement therapy.

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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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Symptoms: Ambiguous genitalia in females, early pubic hair. Treatment: Lifelong hormone replacement therapy and salt supplementation.

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Insulin Resistance Syndrome

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Symptoms include acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in girls. Treatment: Lifestyle modifications, metformin, and weight loss strategies.

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