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Pediatric ENT Basics

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Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

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Difficulty swallowing due to problems with the throat or esophagus. Therapy can include swallowing exercises, dietary modifications, and possibly medical procedures.

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Adenoid Hypertrophy

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Enlargement of the adenoids often causing nasal obstruction, sleep disturbances, and ear infections. Treatment may include nasal steroids or adenoidectomy.

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Allergic Rhinitis

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An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, and other similar symptoms. Treatment may include antihistamines and avoiding known allergens.

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Otitis Media

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Inflammation of the middle ear, commonly in children. General care includes pain management and antibiotics if bacterial.

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Tonsillitis

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Infection of the tonsils, which can be viral or bacterial. Treatment includes hydration, rest, and antibiotics if bacterial.

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Pediatric Sleep Apnea

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A sleep disorder where a child's breathing is partially or completely blocked repeatedly during sleep. Management may include adenotonsillectomy or CPAP.

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Thrush

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A fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida. Presentation includes white patches on the tongue or inside the cheeks. Treatment involves antifungal medication.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

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Hearing loss resulting from obstruction or damage to the outer or middle ear. Treatment may involve surgery or hearing aids, depending on the cause.

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Perforated Eardrum

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A tear or hole in the tympanic membrane, which can lead to hearing loss and increased risk of ear infection. Most perforations heal spontaneously; surgery is an option if they don't.

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Otitis Externa

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Infection of the outer ear canal, also known as 'swimmer's ear'. Treatment involves keeping the ear dry and topical antibiotics.

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Epistaxis

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Commonly known as a nosebleed. General care includes pinching the nose and leaning forward, avoiding nose blowing or picking.

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Choanal Atresia

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Congenital blockage of the nasal passage, which can cause difficulty in breathing through the nose. Treatment may involve surgical repair.

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Foreign Body in Ear

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Insertion of an object in the ear canal. Removal should be performed by a medical professional to avoid damage to the ear canal or tympanic membrane.

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Croup

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A viral infection leading to swelling around the vocal cords, characterized by a barking cough. Treatment includes humidified air and steroids in severe cases.

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Ankyloglossia

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Commonly known as tongue-tie, where a short lingual frenulum restricts tongue movement. Treatment can include a frenotomy if it interferes with feeding or speech.

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Nasal Polyps

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Soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses. Treatment may include steroids or surgery.

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss

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Permanent hearing loss due to problems with the inner ear or auditory nerve. Intervention may include hearing aids or cochlear implants.

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Sinusitis

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Inflammation of the sinuses, usually due to infection. Care includes nasal irrigation, decongestants, and possibly antibiotics if symptoms persist.

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Stridor

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Noisy breathing caused by narrowed or obstructed airway passage. Urgent assessment is critical to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

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Laryngomalacia

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Soft, floppy laryngeal cartilages that collapse inward during inhalation, causing stridor. Most cases resolve spontaneously by 18-24 months of age.

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