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Evolution of Healthcare Systems
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The Flexner Report
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1910, Key components: A report that transformed medical education in North America with a focus on adherence to the scientific method and biomedical research.
Medicare (USA)
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1965, Key components: Federally funded health insurance for people 65 or older and certain younger people with disabilities.
National Health Insurance Model
Country of origin: Canada, Historical period: 20th century, Key components: Combination of Beveridge and Bismarck models, funded by taxes but services provided by private entities.
Ayushman Bharat Yojana
Country of origin: India, Historical period: 2018, Key components: National Health Protection Scheme to cover over 100 million poor families with a coverage of up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year.
DRG (Diagnosis-Related Group) System
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1980s, Key components: A classification system that groups patients with similar clinical conditions that are expected to have similar hospital resources use.
Out-of-Pocket Model
Country of origin: Varies globally, Historical period: Ancient to present, Key components: Direct payment by individuals for services, often found in low-income countries.
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: Concept originated in the early 20th century, gained popularity in 1970s, Key components: A type of health insurance plan that provides care through a network of physicians and hospitals in particular geographic or service areas.
Beveridge Model
Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: 1940s, Key components: Government-funded through taxation, free at the point of use.
NHS (National Health Service)
Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: 1948, Key components: Publicly funded healthcare system, free at the point of delivery, financed through taxation.
Medicaid (USA)
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1965, Key components: Provides health coverage to millions of Americans, including eligible low-income adults, children, pregnant women, elderly adults, and people with disabilities.
Pharmaceutical Pricing Regulation Scheme (PPRS)
Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: Established in 1957, Key components: A voluntary agreement between the government and pharmaceutical companies to ensure a balance between reasonable prices for the NHS and a fair return for the industry.
SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde)
Country of origin: Brazil, Historical period: 1988, Key components: Universal health care system that guarantees comprehensive and free health care for all Brazilian residents.
E-Health
Country of origin: Global, Historical period: Late 20th century - 21st century, Key components: Integration of digital technology in healthcare to improve the efficiency and quality of patient-centered healthcare services.
Global Health Initiatives (GHIs)
Country of origin: Global, Historical period: Late 20th century - 21st century, Key components: Large-scale partnerships that address global health challenges, often involve collaboration between governments, international organizations, and private sectors.
Private Health Insurance
Country of origin: Varies, Historical period: Developed prominently in the 20th century, Key components: Health coverage provided through a private entity, typically involves premium payments, deductibles, copays, and networks of providers.
The Alma-Ata Declaration
Country of origin: Global (Declared in the former USSR), Historical period: 1978, Key components: A landmark agreement among members of the World Health Organization to prioritize primary healthcare as the key to achieving 'Health for All'.
Bismarck Model
Country of origin: Germany, Historical period: Late 19th century, Key components: Health insurance system based on employment, funded by employers and employees.
Single-Payer Healthcare System
Country of origin: Varies, Historical period: Conceptualized in the 20th century, Key components: A system in which a single public authority, rather than private insurers, pays for all healthcare costs.
Community Health Centers
Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1960s, Key components: Non-profit, community-directed healthcare providers serving low income and medically underserved communities.
Seguro Popular
Country of origin: Mexico, Historical period: 2003, Key components: Public insurance scheme aimed at improving healthcare access for the uninsured population.
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