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Evolution of Healthcare Systems

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The Flexner Report

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1910, Key components: A report that transformed medical education in North America with a focus on adherence to the scientific method and biomedical research.

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Medicare (USA)

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1965, Key components: Federally funded health insurance for people 65 or older and certain younger people with disabilities.

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National Health Insurance Model

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Country of origin: Canada, Historical period: 20th century, Key components: Combination of Beveridge and Bismarck models, funded by taxes but services provided by private entities.

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Ayushman Bharat Yojana

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Country of origin: India, Historical period: 2018, Key components: National Health Protection Scheme to cover over 100 million poor families with a coverage of up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year.

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DRG (Diagnosis-Related Group) System

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1980s, Key components: A classification system that groups patients with similar clinical conditions that are expected to have similar hospital resources use.

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Out-of-Pocket Model

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Country of origin: Varies globally, Historical period: Ancient to present, Key components: Direct payment by individuals for services, often found in low-income countries.

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Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: Concept originated in the early 20th century, gained popularity in 1970s, Key components: A type of health insurance plan that provides care through a network of physicians and hospitals in particular geographic or service areas.

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Beveridge Model

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Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: 1940s, Key components: Government-funded through taxation, free at the point of use.

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NHS (National Health Service)

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Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: 1948, Key components: Publicly funded healthcare system, free at the point of delivery, financed through taxation.

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Medicaid (USA)

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1965, Key components: Provides health coverage to millions of Americans, including eligible low-income adults, children, pregnant women, elderly adults, and people with disabilities.

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Pharmaceutical Pricing Regulation Scheme (PPRS)

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Country of origin: United Kingdom, Historical period: Established in 1957, Key components: A voluntary agreement between the government and pharmaceutical companies to ensure a balance between reasonable prices for the NHS and a fair return for the industry.

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SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde)

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Country of origin: Brazil, Historical period: 1988, Key components: Universal health care system that guarantees comprehensive and free health care for all Brazilian residents.

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E-Health

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Country of origin: Global, Historical period: Late 20th century - 21st century, Key components: Integration of digital technology in healthcare to improve the efficiency and quality of patient-centered healthcare services.

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Global Health Initiatives (GHIs)

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Country of origin: Global, Historical period: Late 20th century - 21st century, Key components: Large-scale partnerships that address global health challenges, often involve collaboration between governments, international organizations, and private sectors.

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Private Health Insurance

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Country of origin: Varies, Historical period: Developed prominently in the 20th century, Key components: Health coverage provided through a private entity, typically involves premium payments, deductibles, copays, and networks of providers.

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The Alma-Ata Declaration

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Country of origin: Global (Declared in the former USSR), Historical period: 1978, Key components: A landmark agreement among members of the World Health Organization to prioritize primary healthcare as the key to achieving 'Health for All'.

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Bismarck Model

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Country of origin: Germany, Historical period: Late 19th century, Key components: Health insurance system based on employment, funded by employers and employees.

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Single-Payer Healthcare System

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Country of origin: Varies, Historical period: Conceptualized in the 20th century, Key components: A system in which a single public authority, rather than private insurers, pays for all healthcare costs.

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Community Health Centers

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Country of origin: United States, Historical period: 1960s, Key components: Non-profit, community-directed healthcare providers serving low income and medically underserved communities.

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Seguro Popular

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Country of origin: Mexico, Historical period: 2003, Key components: Public insurance scheme aimed at improving healthcare access for the uninsured population.

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