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Co-developer of the Dick test for scarlet fever and researcher of numerous bacterial infections; active during the early to mid-20th century.

First woman and first Hispanic to serve as Surgeon General of the United States; focused on the health of young people, women, and minorities; active during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

First woman to receive a medical degree in the United States; active during the mid-19th century.

First woman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in Britain; also the first dean of a British medical school; active during the 19th century.

First woman to graduate from the University of Rome Medical School; developed the Montessori method of education; active during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Oncologist who made advancements in the treatment and care of children with cancer; co-founder of the Ronald McDonald House; active during the late 20th century.

First African American woman to graduate from Bellevue Hospital Medical College and the first African American woman to intern at Harlem Hospital; active during the 20th century.

First African American woman to become a doctor of medicine in the United States; active during the 19th century.

Developed drugs to treat leukemia and herpes and to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants; won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1988; active during the 20th century.

Discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF), a key protein to nerve growth; won the Nobel Prize in 1986; active during the 20th century.

Considered the world's first computer programmer based on her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine; active during the 19th century.

Pioneered research on radioactivity; first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to win in two different scientific fields; active during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Pharmacologist who prevented the approval of thalidomide in the United States, averting a birth defect crisis; active during the 20th century.

Neuroscientist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the frontal lobe and working memory; active during the late 20th century.

Founder of the field of pediatric cardiology; helped invent the concept for a procedure that extends the lives of children with blue baby syndrome; active during the 20th century.

First woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; researched carbohydrate metabolism; active during the 20th century.

Anesthesiologist who developed the Apgar Score system to assess the health of newborns; active during the 20th century.

Improving the health and sanitation conditions of New York City's immigrant communities in the early 20th century; first woman to earn a Doctor of Public Health degree.

Leader in the field of occupational health and first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University; active during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

First Native American woman to earn a medical degree in the United States; advocated for public health and tuberculosis control on reservations; active during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

First Indian woman to receive a medical degree from a college in the United States; promoted women's education; active during the late 19th century.

First female surgeon in the US Army; only woman to receive the Medal of Honor; active during the 19th century.

Biochemist who discovered the enzyme that facilitates the conversion of glycogen to glucose; won Nobel Prize in 1947; active during the 20th century.

Contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure through her expertise in X-ray crystallography; active during the 20th century.

Advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, used to confirm the structures of important biochemical substances; won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964; active during the 20th century.

Opened the first birth control clinic in the United States and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America; active during the 20th century.

Founded the American Red Cross; pioneer nurse who cared for soldiers during the American Civil War; active during the 19th century.

Advocate for women's medical education and among the earliest to scientifically refute the idea that women were inferior to men due to menstruation; active during the 19th century.

Co-developer of the Michaelis-Menten equation in enzyme kinetics; one of the first women in Canada to earn a medical doctorate; active during the early 20th century.