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Medical Nobel Laureates
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César Milstein and Georges Köhler
For their work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies
Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp
For their discoveries of split genes
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo
Their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
Otto H. Warburg
For his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme
Louis Pasteur
For his breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
For theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
Harald zur Hausen
For his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
Stanley Prusiner
The discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection
Barry Marshall and Robin Warren
Discovering the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins
For their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
Edward Jenner
Developed the vaccine for smallpox
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, and Jack W. Szostak
The discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel
For their work on information processing in the visual system
Paul L. Modrich, Aziz Sancar, and Tomas Lindahl
For their mechanistic studies of DNA repair
Paul Ehrlich
For his work in immunology
Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell
For their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier
Their discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Tu Youyou
For her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria
Frederick Banting and John Macleod
The discovery of insulin
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus
For their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
Robert Koch
For his work on tuberculosis
Sir Alexander Fleming
For the discovery of penicillin and its healing effect in various infectious diseases
Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
For their work on the structure of the nervous system
Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Walter Florey
The discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
Karl Landsteiner
For his discovery of human blood groups
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