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Purpose: To test the safety of an immune system modulator drug, TGN1412. Outcome: Severe adverse reactions occurred in participants. Significance: Led to changes in the guidelines for first-in-human clinical trials.

Purpose: To establish ethical principles and guidelines that must be followed in research involving human subjects. Outcome: Three core principles established – Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice. Significance: The Belmont Report is a key milestone in the ethical regulation of clinical research.

Purpose: To test the efficacy and safety of Jonas Salk's poliovirus vaccine. Outcome: Successful trial that led to widescale vaccine distribution. Significance: Marked the beginning of the end for poliomyelitis as a major public health issue.

Purpose: To determine if selenium and vitamin E supplements could prevent prostate cancer. Outcome: Found no preventive benefit and a possible increase in prostate cancer risk among vitamin E users. Significance: Cautioned against the use of dietary supplements for cancer prevention without clinical trial evidence.

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of aspirin in reducing the mortality rate post-myocardial infarction (heart attack). Outcome: Showed no significant difference in mortality between aspirin and placebo groups. Significance: Prompted further research that eventually recognized the benefits of aspirin in certain dosages and populations.

Purpose: To determine whether intensive blood sugar control could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes complications in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Outcome: Demonstrated that intensive control significantly reduces the complications of diabetes. Significance: Revolutionized the management of Type 1 diabetes and informed modern treatment guidelines.

Purpose: To sequence the entire human genome and identify all of the genes it contains. Outcome: Completed the sequencing of the human genome which has been used as a foundation for numerous further studies. Significance: Transformed the field of genomics and personalized medicine, enhancing understanding of genetic disorders and opening doors to novel treatments.

Purpose: The drug Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative and later prescribed to pregnant women. Outcome: Led to thousands of births with limb reduction defects. Significance: Spurred tighter drug regulations and birthed the modern field of teratology.

Purpose: To determine if functional cure of HIV is possible by analyzing cases of temporary remission in two patients. Outcome: Both patients eventually relapsed after translated stoppage of antiretroviral therapy. Significance: Provided important insights into HIV reservoirs, indicating how challenging a functional HIV cure is.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) in preventing cardiovascular events. Outcome: Showed a significant reduction in the risk of heart attack and stroke in a wide range of patients. Significance: Helped establish the widespread use of statins in preventive cardiovascular care.

Purpose: To study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men. Outcome: Study ran without patient informed consent; treatment withheld. Significance: Led to changes in U.S. law and regulation on the protection of participants in clinical studies.

Purpose: To investigate the war crimes of Nazi doctors. Outcome: Numerous convictions and the establishment of the Nuremberg Code. Significance: The Nuremberg Code has had a substantial impact on international human rights law and ethics in medical research.

Purpose: To address the most common causes of death, disability and poor quality of life in postmenopausal women. Outcome: Led to a reassessment of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Significance: Provided evidence-based recommendations on the risks and benefits of HRT.

Purpose: To uphold a Tennessee state law that banned the teaching of evolution. Outcome: John T. Scopes was found guilty, but the trial sparked national debate on science vs. religion in schools. Significance: Highlighted the controversy over teaching evolution and paved the way for educational reform.