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Karl Landsteiner discovered the major blood types in 1901, opening the door to safe blood transfusions.

Performed by Christiaan Barnard in 1967, the first heart transplant marked a new era in cardiac surgery.

The World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated in 1980 after a global immunization campaign.

Proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the mid-19th century, this theory established that diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in 1921, transforming diabetes treatment.

The use of ether as an anesthetic was demonstrated by William T.G. Morton in 1846, making pain-free surgery possible.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was identified by Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo in 1983 as the cause of AIDS.

Willem Einthoven developed the first practical ECG in 1903, significantly advancing cardiac care.

Chlorpromazine, the first antipsychotic drug, was introduced in 1952, transforming the treatment of schizophrenia.

The accidental discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized antibiotics.

Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier pioneered CRISPR-Cas9, a tool for genome editing, in 2012.

Car-T cell therapy, a treatment that engineers patients' T-cells to attack cancer cells, was FDA approved in 2017.

René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816, advancing the practice of auscultation.

Hippocrates, in around 400 BCE, is credited with being the first to use the term 'cancer' to describe tumors.

The first tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, was developed by Roland Kuhn in 1957, pioneering modern psychopharmacology.

The BRCA1 gene associated with increased breast cancer risk was cloned by scientists in 1994.

The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003, mapping all the genes in the human genome.

Stanley B. Prusiner discovered prions in 1982, infectious agents made of protein that cause neurodegenerative diseases.

Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955, drastically reducing the incidence of polio.

The first laparoscopic surgery was performed by Dr. Kurt Semm in 1980, minimizing the invasiveness of surgery.

In 1983, Harald zur Hausen discovered that HPV causes cervical cancer, leading to the development of the HPV vaccine.

Baruch Blumberg identified the Hepatitis B virus in 1965, leading to diagnostic tests and a vaccine.

Raymond Damadian created the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) scanner in 1977, revolutionizing diagnostic medicine.

Prozac, the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), was released in 1987, changing the treatment of depression.

Felix Hoffmann synthesized aspirin for commercial use in 1897 while working for Bayer.

Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccine in 1796, creating the concept of vaccinations.

James Watson and Francis Crick described the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, with crucial contributions from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

The FDA approved Gardasil, the first vaccine against cervical cancer, in 2006.

Akira Endo developed statins in 1985, significantly impacting the treatment of high cholesterol.