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George Papanicolaou created the Pap smear test in the 1940s, dramatically improving early detection and treatment of cervical cancer.

Karl Landsteiner's discovery of blood groups A, B, AB, and O in 1901 made blood transfusions safe and reliable, preventing transfusion reactions and saving countless lives.

Frederick Sanger determined the structure of insulin in 1955, which was critical for the development of synthetic insulin for the treatment of diabetes.

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered Helicobacter pylori in 1982, establishing it as the primary cause of peptic ulcers and dramatically changing ulcer treatment.

Ernest Starling and William Bayliss discovered hormones in 1902, which led to the understanding of bodily regulation and the development of hormone therapy.

The use of chemotherapy in the 1940s by scientists like Goodman and Gilman led to treatments that could target and kill cancer cells, transforming cancer from often fatal to often treatable.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, enabling the non-invasive visualization of the interior of the body which revolutionized diagnostic medicine.

Werner Forssmann performed the first cardiac catheterization on himself in 1929, revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases.

William TG Morton's successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia in 1846 marked the beginning of pain-free surgery and greatly expanded the scope of surgical procedures.

The introduction of vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796, using cowpox to grant immunity to smallpox, significantly reduced the impact of infectious diseases. It is a cornerstone of modern public health.

Joseph Lister's work on antiseptics in the 1860s introduced the use of carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, greatly reducing post-surgical infections.

Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project mapped all the genes in the human genome, providing a foundation for understanding the genetic basis of disease and ushering in the era of personalized medicine.

Robert Koch's identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 led to better diagnostic methods and treatments for tuberculosis, which was once one of the deadliest diseases.

James Watson and Francis Crick unveiled the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, providing deep insights into genetics and paving the way for modern biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Developed by Raymond Damadian and colleagues in the 1970s, MRI uses magnetic fields and computer-generated radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues.

Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, Penicillin marked the beginning of the antibiotic era, leading to the treatment of bacterial infections and saving millions of lives worldwide.

Jonas Salk developed the first effective polio vaccine in 1955, which led to the widespread eradication of the disease in many parts of the world.

Invented by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack in the 1970s, CT scans allow for detailed cross-sectional images of the body and have transformed diagnostic imaging.

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy in 1996 transformed HIV from a fatal diagnosis to a manageable chronic disease, significantly reducing mortality and improving the quality of life for those living with HIV.

Developed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, the germ theory established that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases, leading to advances in sterilization and aseptic techniques.

The advent of laparoscopic surgery in the late 20th century enabled surgeons to perform operations through small incisions, reducing recovery time and surgical risks.

The isolation of human embryonic stem cells by James Thomson in 1998 paved the way for regenerative medicine and potential therapies for a wide range of diseases.

Research by Brown and Goldstein in the 1970s detailed how cholesterol levels in the blood are regulated, leading to the development of statin drugs to manage cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk.

Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in 1921, leading to effective treatment for diabetes and saving millions of lives since.

The use of ultrasonography in the 1950s provided a non-invasive way to examine the body's internal structures, greatly benefiting prenatal and diagnostic medicine.

Developed by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards, the first successful birth from IVF was in 1978, allowing couples with fertility issues to conceive.

The development of anaesthesia in the 19th century allowed the progress of surgery by providing pain relief during operations, changing the experience of surgery for patients and surgeons.

Willem Einthoven developed the first practical ECG machine in 1903, which became an essential tool to diagnose and monitor heart conditions.

Discovered in the early 20th century, bacteriophage therapy uses viruses that target specific bacteria, offering an alternative to antibiotics and potential solutions to antibiotic resistance.