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Hormonal Responses to Exercise
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Insulin
Reduces blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake; decreases during exercise to allow higher glucose availability in blood.
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; secretion increases during exercise.
Testosterone
Promotes muscle protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy; may increase following resistance exercise.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Enhances vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure and blood glucose levels.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Increases heart rate, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis during and after exercise.
Growth Hormone
Stimulates protein synthesis, lipolysis, and bone and cartilage growth; increases during exercise.
Endorphins
Provide pain relief and a sense of well-being, often referred to as the 'runner's high'.
Cortisol
Promotes protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and mobilization of fatty acids.
Estrogen
Has a protective effect on muscle tissue and assists in muscle repair; fluctuations can affect exercise capacity.
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