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Neurotransmitters regulate mood and can be involved in mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder.

Neuroplasticity allows for change and adaptation in the structure and function of the brain, influencing learning and memory capabilities.

The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions, particularly fear, which can influence anxiety and stress disorders.

Hormones such as cortisol and oxytocin have significant effects on social behavior and stress response.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, such as decision making, which can affect individual behavior and interpersonal relationships.

Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle, influencing sleep patterns and disorders such as insomnia.

Mirror neurons may facilitate empathy by allowing individuals to simulate and understand others' emotions and actions.

The brain's reward system, involving dopamine pathways, affects motivation and is linked to addiction and compulsive behaviors.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controls reactions to stress and regulates body processes like digestion, immune system, mood and emotions, and energy storage.

BDNF promotes the survival of neurons and plays a critical role in neuroplasticity, learning, and memory which could be linked to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.

The limbic system is involved in emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and is implicated in mood disorders and emotional dysregulation.