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Motivational Theories in Sport
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Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
SDT focuses on the degree to which an individual's behavior is self-motivated and self-determined. In a sport context, athletes are more likely to be motivated and perform well when their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
Achievement Goal Theory
This theory suggests that an individual's motivation can be influenced by their orientation to achievement goals: task-oriented (mastery) or ego-oriented (performance). Coaches can foster a task-oriented climate to promote teamwork and personal improvement in sports.
Expectancy-Value Theory
The expectancy-value theory posits that an athlete's motivation is determined by the expectation of success and the value of the goal. In sports, coaches can enhance motivation by setting achievable goals and highlighting the importance of tasks.
Self-Efficacy Theory
Based on Bandura's work, this theory relates to one's belief in their capability to succeed in specific situations. Enhancing an athlete's self-efficacy can improve performance and persistence in sports.
Intrinsic Motivation Theory
This theory suggests that individuals are motivated by internal rewards (e.g., fun, enjoyment, satisfaction). In sports, fostering an environment that maximizes fun and satisfaction can improve athletes' intrinsic motivation.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
TPB states that intention, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict one's behavior. In sports, coaches can use this theory to shape positive attitudes and support perceived competence to enhance athlete's intentions to perform well.
Attribution Theory
This theory examines how individuals explain their successes and failures, attributing them to internal or external factors. In sports, promoting attributions to stable and internal factors like effort, can encourage athletes after both successes and setbacks.
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs ranges from basic survival needs to self-actualization. For an athlete, ensuring basic needs are met before addressing higher-level motivations can be crucial for performance.
Flow Theory
Flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does and a resulting loss in one's sense of space and time. In sport, athletes experiencing 'flow' may perform at their best, as they are fully immersed and focused on the task at hand.
Transactional Model of Stress and Coping
This model posits that stress responses are a transaction between the person and the environment. In sport, the model is applied to understand how athletes appraise and cope with stressors, which is critical to performance.
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