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Protoplast transfection involves delivering genetic material directly into plant cells that have had their cell walls removed. It can be used in genome editing to introduce DNA, RNA, or proteins like nucleases to manipulate the plant's genetic makeup.

CMS Manipulation is a breeding technique that results in male-sterile plants due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Genome editing tools can be used to induce or reverse CMS, aiding in hybrid seed production and breeding programs.

ODM involves the use of synthetic oligonucleotides that introduce small changes in the DNA sequence by hybridizing with target DNA and causing mismatch repair. It is used in modifying plants for minor genetic tweaks to confer, for example, herbicide resistance.

Particle bombardment entails shooting tiny metal particles coated with DNA into plant cells. This is used to deliver DNA directly into the plant genome, which can be modified by genes of interest or genome editing machinery.

This method uses the natural ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to plant cells. It's frequently used to stably introduce new genes or gene editing components into the plant genome for various trait modifications.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a versatile genome editing tool that allows for precise modifications by creating double-strand breaks at targeted locations. It is used in plants to add, delete, or modify genetic material to confer traits such as disease resistance or drought tolerance.

Prime Editing is an advanced version of CRISPR technology that allows precise editing without the need for double-strand breaks or donor DNA templates. In plants, it can precisely introduce insertions, deletions, and base conversions to create new traits or improve existing ones.

VIGS is a technique that uses engineered plant viruses to transiently knock down gene expression. It is employed in plant research to study gene function and can be a tool for rapid assessment of gene silencing effects in modified plants.

Homologous Recombination is a genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical strands of DNA. In plant genome editing, it is used to introduce specific gene inserts or to create gene replacements.

TALENs are engineered enzymes that can be designed to cut specific DNA sequences. They are used in plant genome editing to introduce desirable genetic traits or to knock out undesired genes by creating double-strand breaks followed by repair.

ZFNs are customizable genome editing tools using a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to direct a DNA cleavage domain to specified genome locations. In plants, ZFNs are used to introduce site-specific mutations to achieve targeted gene disruption or correction.

RNAi is a natural process that can be harnessed to silence gene expression. It operates by introducing double-stranded RNA molecules that trigger the degradation of target mRNA. In plants, RNAi is used for pest control, by silencing genes essential to the pest's survival.

Base Editors are CRISPR-based tools that can directly convert one DNA base into another without inducing double-strand breaks. In plant genome editing, base editors can introduce point mutations to confer desirable traits such as altered growth or ripening patterns.

Meganucleases are restriction enzymes that recognize specific long DNA sequences, allowing for rare cleavage events. They can be custom-engineered to target specific loci in plant genomes to create genetic modifications for traits like improved yield or nutritional content.