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Chromatin Modifications

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Acetylation of Histones

Increases transcriptional activity by relaxing chromatin structure

Methylation of Histones

Can lead to either activation or repression of transcription, depending on the site of methylation

Phosphorylation of Histones

Affects chromatin structure and transcription, often associated with chromosome condensation during mitosis

Ubiquitination of Histones

Can signal for either transcriptional activation or DNA repair depending on the context

Deacetylation of Histones

Leads to a tighter chromatin structure and reduced transcription

Demethylation of Histones

Can activate or repress transcription, depending on which methylated residues are affected

Sumoylation of Histones

Usually represses transcription by promoting tighter chromatin structure

ADP-ribosylation of Histones

Can either activate or repress transcription; involved in DNA repair processes

Citrullination of Histones

Leads to chromatin de-condensation and is associated with active transcription

CAR-modification of Histones

Involved in transcriptional activation and repression, associated with enhancer and promoter regions

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