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Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR adaptive immunity system in bacteria, which is used to cut DNA at a specific location.

NHEJ is a DNA repair pathway that the cell uses to repair double-strand breaks introduced by Cas9. It can result in insertions or deletions, leading to gene disruption.

HDR is a DNA repair mechanism that cells use to fix double-strand breaks (DSBs) by using a homologous sequence as a template, allowing for precise gene editing.

CRISPR Array is a segment of prokaryotic DNA consisting of short, repetitive base sequences. During the adaptive immune response, spacers are integrated into the CRISPR array, which can later transcribe into crRNA.

sgRNA is a synthetic RNA molecule that combines both CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) functions in one molecule, guiding Cas9 to the specific DNA sequence for cleavage.

tracrRNA is a small RNA molecule that is essential for crRNA maturation and together with crRNA, guides Cas9 to the target DNA site.

PAM is a short DNA sequence immediately following the CRISPR array. It is necessary for Cas9's binding and cleavage of DNA, acting as a recognition site.