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CRISPR Array is a segment of prokaryotic DNA consisting of short, repetitive base sequences. During the adaptive immune response, spacers are integrated into the CRISPR array, which can later transcribe into crRNA.

crRNA is the RNA component that contains the guide sequence that binds with the target DNA, initially transcribed from the CRISPR array.

NHEJ is a DNA repair pathway that the cell uses to repair double-strand breaks introduced by Cas9. It can result in insertions or deletions, leading to gene disruption.

PAM is a short DNA sequence immediately following the CRISPR array. It is necessary for Cas9's binding and cleavage of DNA, acting as a recognition site.

Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR adaptive immunity system in bacteria, which is used to cut DNA at a specific location.

tracrRNA is a small RNA molecule that is essential for crRNA maturation and together with crRNA, guides Cas9 to the target DNA site.

HDR is a DNA repair mechanism that cells use to fix double-strand breaks (DSBs) by using a homologous sequence as a template, allowing for precise gene editing.