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Function: Increases the transcription levels of genes. Example: The Enhancer of split complex in Drosophila.

Function: Protein that binds to specific DNA sequences to control the flow of genetic information. Example: NF-kB involved in immune response.

Function: The way nucleotides are divided into codons for translation. Example: A shift in reading frame can lead to frameshift mutation.

Function: Non-coding regions that are transcribed but spliced out. Example: Group I and II self-splicing introns.

Function: Coding regions of a gene that are expressed. Example: Exons within the dystrophin gene associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Function: A unit of adjacent genes that are regulated together. Example: The Lac operon in E. coli.

Function: Process by which the same pre-mRNA can lead to different mature mRNA variants. Example: The Dscam gene in Drosophila.

Function: Complex responsible for splicing out introns from pre-mRNA. Example: The major and minor spliceosome.

Function: A triplet of bases that codes for a specific amino acid. Example: AUG codes for Methionine.

Function: Modifies the expression of genes without altering the DNA sequence. Example: DNA methylation at CpG sites.

Function: Negatively influences the transcription of a gene. Example: The Xist RNA gene region acting as a silencer for X-chromosome.

Function: Small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression. Example: Let-7 miRNA family.

Function: Sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription. Example: Rho-dependent terminators in bacteria.

Function: RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides without protein-coding capacity. Example: HOTAIR involved in gene silencing across chromosome 12.

Function: Proteins that assist in folding other proteins. Example: Heat shock proteins (Hsps) like Hsp70.

Function: Facilitates the attachment of the ribosome to mRNA for translation. Example: The Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes.

Function: A process that creates additional copies of genes or gene regions. Example: Duplication of the alpha globin gene cluster.

Function: Initiates transcription of a particular gene. Example: TATA box in eukaryotes.

Function: Signal for addition of a poly(A) tail to mRNA. Example: The AAUAAA signal in eukaryotes.