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Example: The creation of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Description: Synthetic biology and genome engineering involve the redesign of organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities.

Example: Tailoring drugs to individuals based on their genetic makeup. Description: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, which can lead to personalized medicine.

Example: Analysis of Human vs. Chimpanzee genomes. Description: Comparative Genomics is the field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared to determine their evolutionary relationships.

Example: Protein structure determination. Description: Structural Genomics is concerned with the characterization and providing a three-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome.

Example: Analysis of protein expression in different tissue types. Description: Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, their structures, and functions.

Example: Studying microbial communities in ocean water. Description: Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, bypassing the need to isolate and culture individual species.

Example: Identifying genetic variants associated with diabetes. Description: GWAS are observational studies of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.

Example: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Description: The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.

Example: Identifying differentially expressed genes during development. Description: Transcriptomics involves the collection and analysis of the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome.