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Comparative Genomics Concepts
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Paralogs
Genes related by duplication within a genome that have evolved new functions.
Phylogenetics
The study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities, often species, individuals or genes.
Orthologs
Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation.
Functional Genomics
The study of the relationship between genes and their function, often utilizing data across genomes.
Molecular Clock Hypothesis
A method used to determine time based on base-pair substitutions, which are assumed to occur at a constant rate among certain genes.
Whole-Genome Duplication
An event in which a genome or a segment of a genome has been copied or duplicated.
Synteny
The conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other.
Conservative and Nonconservative Substitutions
Conservative substitutions are amino acid replacements that preserve the physicochemical properties of the original amino acid. Nonconservative substitutions refer to replacements that change these properties.
Homology
Refers to any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry.
Copy-number Variation
A form of structural variation in the genome where the number of copies of a particular gene varies between individuals in the population.
Pangenome
The full complement of genes in a particular species, encompassing core and accessory genes.
Genomic Imprinting
An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.
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