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Genes related by duplication within a genome that have evolved new functions.

Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation.

The study of the relationship between genes and their function, often utilizing data across genomes.

The full complement of genes in a particular species, encompassing core and accessory genes.

The study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities, often species, individuals or genes.

A form of structural variation in the genome where the number of copies of a particular gene varies between individuals in the population.

Refers to any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry.

An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.

A method used to determine time based on base-pair substitutions, which are assumed to occur at a constant rate among certain genes.

An event in which a genome or a segment of a genome has been copied or duplicated.

Conservative substitutions are amino acid replacements that preserve the physicochemical properties of the original amino acid. Nonconservative substitutions refer to replacements that change these properties.