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A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among various biological species based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

A method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants.

The existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different species.

In phylogenetic trees, the branch length represents the extent of genetic change or evolutionary time between nodes (branching points).

A group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.

A group of organisms used as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms.

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

An optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of evolutionary steps required to explain the observed data is preferred.

A statistical method for estimating the most likely phylogenetic tree given specific genetic data, assuming a particular model of molecular evolution.

A set of organisms or species that group together but do not share an immediate common ancestor.

A statistical method that involves repeatedly resampling a set of observed data with replacement to create many simulated samples, used to estimate the confidence of phylogenetic tree nodes.

A distance-based method for constructing phylogenetic trees which starts with a star-like tree and iteratively joins pairs of nodes that are neighbors.

A metaphor which expresses the idea that all life is related by common descent and is often illustrated by a branching diagram (phylogenetic tree).

A rooted phylogenetic tree has a single ancestral lineage (often implied by an outgroup) that serves as a common ancestor, while an unrooted tree does not show an ancestral root and focuses on the relationships between leaf nodes (taxa).