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Breast Imaging Fundamentals
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Microcalcifications
Small calcium deposits within the breast tissue; can be benign or indicate presence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer.
Fibroglandular Tissue
Dense breast tissue comprising fibrous connective tissue and glandular tissue; can obscure masses, making detection of abnormalities more difficult.
Breast Asymmetry
Differences in the size, shape, or density of breast tissue between the two breasts; can be normal or may indicate pathology.
Architectural Distortion
Alteration of breast tissue structure without a definite mass; suggests potential pathology such as cancer or radial scars.
Mass
Area of abnormal tissue; characteristics determine likelihood of benignity or malignancy (shape, margins, density).
Skin Thickening
Increased thickness of skin on the breast; can be due to conditions such as edema, infection, or inflammatory breast cancer.
Skin Retraction
Inward pulling of the skin on the breast; often represents an underlying mass or cancer causing tethering of the skin.
Axillary Adenopathy
Enlargement of axillary (underarm) lymph nodes; can be a response to infection or a sign of metastatic disease.
Benign Calcifications
Calcium deposits with specific patterns suggesting non-cancerous conditions, such as vascular calcifications, dermal calcifications, or cysts.
Suspicious Calcifications
Calcium deposits with patterns suggesting malignancy, requiring biopsy to rule out DCIS or invasive carcinoma.
Fat Necrosis
Benign condition where there's death of fatty tissue, often appearing as calcifications or a mass; can mimic cancer on mammograms.
Oil Cyst
Benign, well-defined, lucent lesion with possible calcifications; often a sequela of fat necrosis.
Ductal Dilatation
Enlargement of the milk ducts; may indicate an underlying condition such as duct ectasia or intraductal pathology.
Cooper's Ligament Thickening
Thickening of the connective tissue supporting the breasts; can be associated with edema, inflammation, or cancer.
Nipple Retraction
Inward pulling of the nipple; can be a benign finding or indicate underlying pathology such as malignancy.
Lymph Node Calcifications
Calcium deposits within lymph nodes; typically benign but may occasionally be associated with metastatic disease.
Focal Asymmetry
Slight density difference that's visible on two mammographic views; if persistent, can indicate a developing mass.
Asymmetric Breast Tissue
Breast tissue that appears more prominent or dense on one side; may be normal or due to overlapping tissue, requires further evaluation.
Global Asymmetry
Increased volume of breast tissue in one breast compared to the other; if new or enlarging, necessitates further investigation.
Intramammary Lymph Nodes
Normal lymph nodes within the breast tissue; typically benign but can sometimes be reactive or have focal calcifications.
Radial Scar
Benign breast lesion that radiates from a central point; can be associated with malignancy and usually warrants biopsy.
Hamartoma
A benign, tumor-like growth of normal breast tissue components; also known as a 'breast mouse,' it's usually well-circumscribed.
Dense Breasts
Breasts with high proportion of fibroglandular tissue to fat; increases cancer risk and can make it harder to detect tumors on mammography.
Magnification Views
A specialized mammography technique that enlarges a specific area; helps in characterizing calcifications and evaluating lesion margins.
Spot Compression
A mammography technique that compresses a small area of the breast to improve image quality; useful for characterizing masses and architectural distortions.
Ultrasound Correlation
Use of breast ultrasound in conjunction with mammography to further evaluate abnormalities and characterize lesions.
MRI of the Breast
Advanced imaging technique using magnetic resonance for detailed breast tissue examination; highly sensitive for cancer detection, especially in dense breasts.
Pleomorphic Calcifications
Calcifications with variations in shape and size; associated with a higher risk of malignancy.
BIRADS
Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System; a standardized breast imaging assessment and reporting system indicating the risk of cancer.
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
A condition indicating abnormal cell growth in the lobules of the breast; not cancer but increases risk of developing breast cancer in the future.
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