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Cardiothoracic Imaging Points
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Pneumothorax
Visceral pleural line with absence of lung markings
Pneumonia
Consolidation, air bronchograms, pleural effusions
Pulmonary Edema
Batwing pattern or butterfly pattern, Kerley B lines
Pulmonary Emphysema
Hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal space
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, Kerley B lines
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle, prominent pulmonary artery
Pleural Plaque
Well-circumscribed areas of increased density, often calcified, bilateral and symmetric
Silicosis
Multiple small round nodular opacities, 'eggshell' calcification of hilar lymph nodes, progressive massive fibrosis
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal airspace
Aortic Stenosis
Post-stenotic dilation of the ascending aorta, calcification of the aortic valve, left ventricular hypertrophy
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Collapse of the lung with no underlying lung disease
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Collapse of the lung due to underlying lung disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Hyperinflation, mucus plugging, bronchiectasis
Pleural Mesothelioma
Diffuse pleural thickening, mass-like lesions, pleural effusions
Bronchiectasis
Dilated and thickened airways, 'tram track' sign, 'signet ring' sign
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Honeycombing, reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis
Pulmonary Hypertension
Dilated pulmonary arteries, right ventricular enlargement, peripheral arterial pruning
Pleural Effusion
Blunting of the costophrenic angle, meniscus sign, dependent opacities
Tuberculosis
Cavitary lesions, Ghon focus, Ranke complex
Tension Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung, mediastinal shift to the contralateral side, depressed diaphragm
Lung Cancer
Solitary pulmonary nodule or mass, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, atelectasis
Interstitial Lung Disease
Reticular opacities, ground glass opacities, honeycombing
Sarcoidosis
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, reticular opacities, parenchymal nodules
Mitral Stenosis
Straightening of the left heart border, enlargement of the left atrium, pulmonary vascular congestion
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Enlarged left atrium, mitral valve leaflet thickening and redundancy
Aortic Dissection
Widened mediastinum, displacement of aortic calcification, intimal flap
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion, pleural effusions
Coarctation of the Aorta
Rib notching, 'figure 3' sign on aortography, dilated intercostal arteries
Pericardial Effusion
Water bottle heart shape, clear lung fields, obscured cardiac silhouette
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