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Head and Neck Imaging
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Maxillary Sinusitis
Mucosal thickening, air-fluid levels, and opacification of the sinus
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Soft-tissue mass in the nasopharynx, bone destruction, and potential cervical lymphadenopathy
Cerebral Aneurysm
Saccular outpouching noted particularly near arterial branch points, may have calcification
Acoustic Neuroma
Homogenously enhancing mass on MRI at the cerebellopontine angle
Thyroid Nodule
Well-defined hypoechoic lesion on ultrasound, may see calcifications or central vascularity
Parotid Gland Tumor
May see a circumscribed mass in the parotid region, often with heterogeneous enhancement
Meningioma
Extra-axial, dural-based mass with homogenous enhancement, often with a 'dural tail' on MRI
Orbital Cellulitis
Inflammation of the eye tissues, with proptosis, fat stranding, and thickened extraocular muscles
Temporal Arteritis
Enlarged, hypoechoic halo around the temporal artery on ultrasound, non-compression sign
Sialolithiasis
Calcified stone within a salivary gland or duct, hyperechoic foci on ultrasound with posterior acoustic shadowing
Sinonasal Polyposis
Soft tissue masses in the sinonasal cavities, with a characteristic teardrop-shaped appearance on imaging
Mastoiditis
Opacification and coalescent destruction of the mastoid air cells, can cause a periosteal reaction
Chiari Malformation
Caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum on MRI
Pituitary Adenoma
Intrasellar mass that may extend to the suprasellar cistern with homogeneous or heterogeneous enhancement
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Bilateral symmetrical white matter edema, typically in the parieto-occipital regions on MRI
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
Paraganglioma that shows up as a soft-tissue mass with irregular bone destruction and intense enhancement
Laryngeal Cancer
Irregular mass in the larynx, may cause airway narrowing or vocal cord paralysis
Thyroiditis
Heterogeneous gland with increased vascularity on Doppler ultrasound
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
Acute: Diffusion restriction on MRI; Chronic: Cerebral atrophy and hypoattenuation on CT
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple white matter lesions, often periventricular, with Dawson’s fingers appearance on MRI
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Normal imaging; diagnosis is clinical and based on the Dix-Hallpike maneuver
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing of the carotid artery lumen with or without calcified plaques on Doppler ultrasound
Epiglottitis
Thickened aryepiglottic folds, 'thumbprint' sign of the swollen epiglottis on lateral neck X-ray
Bell's Palsy
MRI may show enhancement of the facial nerve, though often imaging is normal
Dental Abscess
Periapical radiolucency, may see loss of the lamina dura and spread to surrounding bone
Ludwig's Angina
Diffuse soft tissue swelling in the submandibular space with possible airway compromise
Osteomyelitis of the Jaw
Mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions in the mandible, may have a periosteal reaction and soft tissue swelling
Tonsillitis
Tonsillar hypertrophy and enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT, possible peritonsillar abscess formation
Vertebral Metastases
Lytic or sclerotic lesions within the vertebral bodies, potentially with a soft-tissue component
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