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Contrast Media in Imaging

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Diatrizoate Meglumine

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A high-osmolar ionic contrast medium used in various imaging studies. Potential reactions involve sensation of warmth, vomiting or nausea, and rare severe reactions.

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High-Osmolar Contrast Media (HOCM)

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These are ionic agents used in various imaging procedures, associated with higher risk of adverse reactions. Potential reactions include pain, warmth sensation, and more severe allergies.

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Iohexol

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A nonionic, low-osmolar contrast medium used for angiography, urography, and other imaging tests. Potential reactions include hives, itching, and rare severe allergic reactions.

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Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (USPIO)

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Used in MRI for liver and lymph node imaging. It is also being researched for other applications. Potential reactions include localized pain and allergic reactions.

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Sulfur Hexafluoride

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An ultrasound contrast agent used to enhance the echogenicity of blood and to evaluate left ventricular function. Potential reactions are usually mild and may include altered taste or discomfort.

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Copper-based Contrast Agents

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Experimental agents used in certain types of radiological research. Potential reactions are still under investigation as it's not widely used clinically.

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Oral Iodinated Contrast

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Used in gastrointestinal studies like CT enterography. Potential reactions include gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.

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Optiray

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A brand name for ioversol, a nonionic and low-osmolar contrast medium used for general radiography involving the body's cavities and vessels. Reactions include feeling of warmth, metallic taste, and rare anaphylactic reactions.

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Barium Sulfate

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Used for radiographic examinations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Potential reactions include constipation, impaction, and aspiration.

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Manganese-based Contrast Agents

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Used in MRI to visualize the liver and biliary tract. Potential reactions are generally mild but can include headaches, nausea, and dizziness.

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Perflutren Lipid Microsphere

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Used in echocardiography to enhance the borders of the heart chambers. Potential reactions include allergenicity, transient side effects such as headache, and nausea.

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Iodixanol

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An iso-osmolar contrast agent used in vascular imaging. Potential reactions include nausea, a sensation of heat, and rare cases of contrast-induced nephropathy.

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Microbubble Contrast Agents

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Used in ultrasound imaging to enhance the echogenicity of blood. Potential reactions include allergic reactions, headache, and nausea.

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Intravenous Iodinated Contrast

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Administered intravenously to enhance the contrast of CT images of organs and vessels. Potential reactions include a feeling of warmth, taste change, and in rare cases, anaphylaxis.

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Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Used in MRI to image the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Potential reactions can include back pain, arthralgia, and hypersensitivity reactions.

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Oil-based Contrast Media

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Used in lymphangiography and some hysterosalpingography procedures. Potential reactions include inflammation, infection, and granulomas.

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Low-Osmolar Contrast Media (LOCM)

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These are non-ionic agents with a lower risk of adverse effects than HOCM. Used widely in CT and X-ray imaging. Potential reactions include mild allergy-like reactions and a lower incidence of nephrotoxicity.

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Visipaque

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A brand name for iodixanol, used in angiographic procedures including coronary angiography. Potential reactions include a sensation of pressure, headache, and in rare cases, cardiac effects.

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Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents (GBCAs)

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Used in MRI to improve visualization of blood vessels, inflammation, and tumors. Potential reactions include nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, allergic reactions, and headache.

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CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

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Used as a negative contrast agent in vascular and nonvascular interventions. Potential reactions include embolism, but is minimal due to its high solubility in blood.

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Iodinated Contrast Media

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Used in CT scans and X-rays to enhance vascular structures and organs. Potential reactions include allergic reactions, nephrotoxicity, and extravasation.

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Iso-Osmolar Contrast Media (IOCM)

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Non-ionic contrast media with osmolality similar to blood plasma; used to minimize side effects. Potential reactions include less pain and discomfort during administration.

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Bismuth Subsalicylate

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Not a typical contrast agent but can be used in radiology for gastrointestinal imaging. Potential reactions are rare but can include salicylate toxicity or allergic reactions.

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Air Contrast Media

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Used in double contrast barium enemas to improve colonic visualization. Potential reactions include discomfort, bloating, and risk of bowel perforation.

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Ethiodized Oil

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Used primarily in lymphography and sometimes in hysterosalpingography. Its oily nature can lead to reactions such as embolization, hypersensitivity reactions, and inflammation.

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