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Vascular Imaging Essentials
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Mesenteric Ischemia
CT Angiography; Narrowing or occlusion of mesenteric vessels, bowel wall thickening, pneumatosis intestinalis
Vascular Graft Patency
Duplex Ultrasound; Demonstrates patency and flow within the graft, may show stenosis or occlusion
Vasculitis
Catheter Angiography, CT, or MR Angiography; Vessel wall thickening, luminal narrowing, occlusions and aneurysms in affected vessels
Abdominal Aortic Dissection
CT Angiography; Intimal flap separating true from false lumen, possible involvement of branch vessels
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
MRI Angiography; Tangle of abnormal vessels, flow voids on T2-weighted imaging, enlarged feeding arteries and draining veins
Subclavian Steal Syndrome
Duplex Ultrasound or MRA; Reversed flow in the vertebral artery, stenosis or occlusion of subclavian artery before the vertebral takeoff
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Ultrasound; Noncompressible vein with echogenic thrombus
Varicose Veins
Ultrasound; Dilated, tortuous subcutaneous veins with incompetent valves
May-Thurner Syndrome
CT Venography or MR Venography; Compression of left common iliac vein by right common iliac artery, collateral venous formation
Portal Hypertension
Ultrasound with Doppler; Dilated portal vein >13 mm, portosystemic collaterals, slow or reversed portal venous flow
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
CT Pulmonary Angiography; Filling defect in pulmonary artery, right heart strain
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome)
CT or MR Angiography; Multiple telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations, potential for GI bleeding and epistaxis
Acute Limb Ischemia
Arterial Duplex Ultrasound; Absence of blood flow in affected arteries, acute thrombus formation
Aortic Aneurysm
CT Angiography; Enlarged aorta with possible mural thrombus
Renal Artery Stenosis
Duplex Ultrasound; Increased peak systolic velocity at renal artery, tardus-parvus waveform in segmental arteries
Venous Insufficiency
Ultrasound; Incompetent venous valves, venous reflux, venous dilation
Lymphedema
Lymphoscintigraphy; Delayed or absent lymphatic transport, dermal backflow, collateral lymphatic channels
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Ultrasound with Doppler; Hepatic vein obstruction, hepatomegaly, ascites
Cerebral Aneurysm
CT Angiography or MR Angiography; Outpouching of a cerebral artery, possible adjacent subarachnoid hemorrhage if ruptured
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Catheter Angiography; Beads-on-a-string appearance in medium-sized arteries, arterial stenosis and aneurysm
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
MRI or MRA; Abnormal course or compression of the popliteal artery, potentially with post-stenotic dilatation
Takayasu's Arteritis
MR Angiography or PET-CT; Vessel wall thickening, stenosis or occlusion of large arteries, increased positron emission in walls of inflamed vessels
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Lower Extremity Arterial Doppler; Reduced or absent flow in the affected limb arteries
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
CT Angiography or MR Angiography; Abnormal dilation of the thoracic aorta, potential mural thrombus or calcification
Carotid Artery Stenosis
Carotid Duplex Ultrasound; Reduced flow on Doppler, increased peak systolic velocity
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