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Thickened esophageal folds, mucosal hyperenhancement, hiatal hernia may co-exist on imaging studies.

'Bird’s beak' sign on barium enema at the site of torsion, 'whirl sign' of twisted mesentery on CT, distended loop of bowel with air-fluid levels.

Echogenic foci within the gallbladder with posterior shadowing on US, may see calcified gallstones on CT, cholesterol stones often invisible on CT.

Hypodense lesions on CT during portal venous phase, 'target' sign on MRI with contrast, may present with elevated liver enzymes.

Valvulae conniventes extend across the entire lumen, wall thickness <3mm on CT, uniform enhancement on CT with contrast.

Outpouchings of colonic wall on CT or barium enemas, thickening of adjacent colonic wall, inflammation may lead to 'fat stranding' on CT.

Hyperechoic on US, peripheral nodular enhancement with centripetal fill-in on CT, high T2 signal on MRI.

Continuous luminal structure, wall thickness <3mm on CT, mucosal folds visible on barium swallow.

'String sign' on barium studies, 'cobblestone' mucosal pattern, skip lesions with asymmetric bowel wall thickening and enhancement.

Serpiginous enhancing structures within esophageal wall on contrast-enhanced CT, distended veins on barium swallow, may see red wale marks on endoscopy.

Irregular or nodular gastric wall thickening, linitis plastica appearance with diffuse wall thickening, enhancing mass may be present.

Diffuse or focal enlargement of the pancreas, decreased attenuation on CT, peripancreatic fluid collections.

Dilatation of small bowel loops, 'stack of coins' or 'accordion sign' due to thickened folds, decreased mucosal enhancement.

Apple-core lesion on barium enema, asymmetric wall thickening with shouldering, mass effect or obstruction on CT.

Dilated loops of bowel with air-fluid levels, 'string of pearls' sign due to trapped gas, transition point seen on CT.

Arterial phase hyperenhancement with washout in venous phase, capsule appearance on contrast-enhanced studies, may see vascular invasion.

Mucosal defect with barium pooling, CT may show wall thickening or edema, enhancement of ulcer margins.

Gallbladder wall thickening >3mm, pericholecystic fluid, Murphy's sign elicitable on ultrasound.

Dilated appendix >6mm, peri-appendiceal fat stranding, presence of an appendicolith on CT.

Hypoattenuating mass in the pancreas, dilatation of the pancreatic duct (double duct sign), atrophy of distal pancreas.

Continuous colonic mucosal abnormality, 'lead pipe' sign on barium enema, loss of haustral pattern on imaging.

Presence of bowel loops or omentum within hernial sac, disruption of the abdominal wall, associated with fat stranding if strangulated.

Haustral fold pattern, mean diameter <6cm for the cecum and <3cm for the sigmoid, wall thickness <5mm on CT when distended.

'Target sign' or 'donut sign' on US and CT, telescoping of the bowel segments visualized, lead point may be identified.

Bowel wall thickening and hypoenhancement, pneumatosis (air within the bowel wall), portal venous gas on imaging.

Enhancing, exophytic soft tissue mass, can present with central ulceration or necrosis, usually well-circumscribed.

Dilated esophagus with air-fluid levels, 'bird-beak' tapering on barium swallow, absent peristalsis on manometry.

Rugae visible on barium studies with distention, gastric wall thickness <5mm on CT when distended, enhancement pattern uniform.