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Autoantibodies against components of the cell nucleus; associated with lupus, scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease.

Human leukocyte antigen B27; genetic marker associated with ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and other spondyloarthropathies.

Autoantibodies directed against centromere proteins; associated with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

Autoantibodies targeting RNP; associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

Autoantibodies against topoisomerase I; associated with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly diffuse cutaneous involvement.

Autoantibodies against histidyl-tRNA synthetase; associated with polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and anti-synthetase syndrome.

A non-specific marker of inflammation that measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment; associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Antibodies against citrullinated proteins; highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis.

An enzyme released by damaged muscle; elevated in myositis, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophies.

Autoantibodies against mitochondrial enzymes; highly specific for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).

Specific antibodies against double-stranded DNA; associated with lupus.

Autoantibodies against Smith antigen; highly specific for lupus.

An acute-phase protein that increases during systemic inflammation; associated with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and infection.

Proteins involved in the immune response; low levels associated with lupus and some types of vasculitis.

Autoantibodies associated with Sjögren's syndrome and lupus; can also be found in neonatal lupus.

An intracellular iron storage protein; elevated levels can be seen in hemochromatosis, and also as an acute-phase reactant in inflammation.

A precursor of the hormone calcitonin; becomes elevated in response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, especially bacterial infection.

IgM antibodies that target the Fc region of IgG; associated with rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and other autoimmune diseases.

Autoantibodies against components of neutrophil cytoplasm; associated with vasculitides such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis.