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Rheumatology Pharmacology
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Methotrexate
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, used in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.
Hydroxychloroquine
Interferes with lysosomal activity and autophagy, used in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Sulfasalazine
Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, used in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
Leflunomide
Inhibits pyrimidine synthesis; used in rheumatoid arthritis.
Azathioprine
Purine synthesis inhibitor, used in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylating agent causing DNA cross-linking; used in vasculitis and severe lupus nephritis.
Cyclosporine
Calcineurin inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
Mycophenolate mofetil
Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; used in lupus nephritis.
TNF-alpha Inhibitors (ex: Etanercept, Infliximab)
Neutralize TNF-alpha, reducing inflammation; used in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis.
Rituximab
Depletes CD20+ B cells; used in rheumatoid arthritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Abatacept
Inhibits T-cell activation by binding to CD80/86; used in rheumatoid arthritis.
Tocilizumab
IL-6 receptor antagonist; used in rheumatoid arthritis and Giant Cell Arteritis.
Anakinra
IL-1 receptor antagonist; used in rheumatoid arthritis and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
Ustekinumab
Inhibits IL-12 and IL-23; used in psoriatic arthritis.
Secukinumab
Inhibits IL-17A; used in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Apremilast
PDE4 inhibitor, reducing inflammation by increasing intracellular cAMP; used in psoriatic arthritis.
Belimumab
Inhibits B-lymphocyte stimulator protein; used in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Colchicine
Inhibits microtubule polymerization, used in gout prophylaxis and treatment.
Allopurinol
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, used in chronic management of gout.
Febuxostat
Selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor; used in chronic gout management, especially in patients intolerant to allopurinol.
Probenecid
Uricosuric agent that increases renal excretion of uric acid; used in gout management.
Pegloticase
Recombinant uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin; used in refractory chronic gout.
Canakinumab
Monoclonal antibody against IL-1 beta; used in gout flares and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
Penicillamine
Chelating agent that binds copper, used in Wilson's disease and for features like swollen joints in rheumatoid arthritis.
Tofacitinib
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis.
Baricitinib
JAK inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis.
Upadacitinib
Selectively inhibits JAK1; used in rheumatoid arthritis.
Golimumab
TNF-alpha inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
Certolizumab pegol
TNF-alpha inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
Ruxolitinib
JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor; used off-label in rheumatology for myelofibrosis-related splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms.
Filgotinib
JAK1 inhibitor; used in rheumatoid arthritis.
Pimecrolimus
Calcineurin inhibitor applied topically; used in dermatologic conditions associated with rheumatologic diseases.
Ibuprofen
NSAID; inhibits cyclooxygenase, used for symptomatic relief in various rheumatologic conditions.
Naproxen
NSAID; inhibits cyclooxygenase, used for symptomatic relief in various rheumatologic conditions including gout.
Celecoxib
COX-2 selective inhibitor; NSAID used for symptomatic relief in rheumatologic conditions, with a lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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